Introduction of Management

 Introduction- 'Management` is the activity for getting things done through other people. For getting the work of an enterprise completed through the efforts of other people, it becomes necessary to guide, direct, co-ordinate and control human efforts towards the fulfilment of certain common goals or purposes. Management represents that skill which directs, regulates and integrates human efforts in the discharge of all operations required for an enterprise. Management' may be regarded as the sum total of those activities which pertain to the laying down of certain plans, policies and purposes; securing men, money, materials and machinery needed for their achievement; putting all of them into operation; checking their performance; and providing materia! rewards and mental satisfaction to the. men engaged in the operation Some Important definitions of management are as follows According to Louis Allen-" Management_is what_a manager does' According to Henry Fayol--To manage is "*to forecast _and plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate, and to control. According to James D. Mooney and Alan C. Reiley- Management is the 'art of directing and inspiring people. According to Koontz and O'Donnell--Management is the creation and maintenance of an internal environment in an enterprise where individuals, working in groups, can perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group goals. It is the art of getting work done through and with people in formally organized groups.

 According to Kimball *' Management may be broadly defined as the art of applying the economic principles that underlie the control of men and materials in the enterprise under consideration. In Simple words, Management refers to all those activities which are concerned with-

 (a) Formulation of objectives, plans and policies of the collective X 

 (b) Assembling men, money, materials, machines and methods for enterprise; their accomplishment; 

 (c) Directing and motivating the men at work; 

 (d) Coordinating the physical and human resources 

 (e) Supervising and controlling performance: and (%) Securing maximum satisfaction for both employer and employee and providing the public with the best possible services, Characteristics of Management PIUMA A brief study of definitions of management reveals the following characteristics of management. 

These features illustrate the nature of management. They are as under :

 1. Management is an Integrative Process- The essence of management is integration of human and other resources in a manner that it leads to effective performance. It integrates the men, machine and material to carry out the operation of the enterprise. This integration process is resuit-oriented. 

 2. Management is a Universal Process-The basic principles of management are universal in character. They apply more or less in every situation. Henry Fayol pointed out that the fundamentals of management are equally applicable in different organisations, business, government, military and others. The functions of management are performed by all managers Management is needed in all types of organisations.

 3. Management is a Multi-disciplinary Discipline- Management has to deal with human behaviour under dynamic condition. Management has grown as a body of discipline taking the help of so many social sciences like anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, etc. Much of the management literature is the result of the association of these disciplines. 

 4. Management is an Activity- Management is itself a human activity which is a continuous process. It is the driving force that inspires an undertaking, knits it into an entity and creates the condition and relationship which brings about a fuli use of its power and resources. 

 5. Management makes things happen-Managers focus their attention and efforts in bringing about successful action. Successful managers have an urge for accomplishment. The job of management is to make a productive enterprise out of human and material resources. It gives life to materials, machinery, money and manpower. The basic purpose of management is the optimum utilization of resources.

6. Management is Parposeful- Management deals with the achievement of something specific expressed as an objective. All activities of maragement are goal-oriented. The success of management is measured by the extent to which the desired objectives are attained 

 7. Management is getting the things done- A manager does not do any operating work himself, He gets the work done by, with and through people. He has to direct them and develop their talent by adopting technical human and psychological skills 

8. Management is Intangible- It has been called the unseen force lts presence is evidenced by the result of its efforts. It is the direction and control of the business activity which can be felt but cannot be seen or louched. Thus fecling of management is result oriented. One may not see with the naked eye the functioning of management but its results are apparently known. 

 9. Management is separate from ownership- In modern times here is a divorce of management from ownership. Now-a-days management has been a profession and a service. The business can be managed by the experts of their field. It is not necessary for the owner of business enterprise to be its manager also 

 10. Management is an outstanding means for exerting rcal im pact upon human lifeA manager can do much to improve the work environment, to stimulate people to do better things, and to make favorable actions take place. A manager can achieve progress, can bring hope, and can help, and group members achieve the better things in life. 

 1I. Management is an art as well as a science- Management contains a systematic body of theoretical knowledge as well as the practical application of such knowledge, Inportance of Management Management isthe dynamic life-giving element in every organisation. Without management the resources of production remain resources and can never become output. Organisations stand or fall on the quality of their managements because sound management provides the following benefits. A modern business organisation is a formal organisation consisting of individuals working at various jobs and physical equipment including materials. So a central directing and controlling agency is imperative for a business concern. 

A business enterprise aims at maximizing its profit through serving the customers. The realization of this aim depends to a large extent on efficient management. As Robbinson says, "No business runs itself, even on momentum, ...every business needs repeated stimulus.'' And this is provided by the management. The management plans the work, organizes and obtains the production. In the words of Peter Drucker, "The manager is the dynamic, life giving element in every business without his leadership; the resources of production remain resources and never become production. Through a well-organised system of direction and control, management keeps a close watch on the activities of the organisation Thus, management makes an organisation successful the workers efficient and motivated through training, supervision and through sound resource planning and effective control. Management makes inspiring leadership Managers guide and motivate workers towards best performance. They tell workers what to do and how to do their jobs. spirit of mutual co-operation and Managers develop a sense of a responsibility among workers. The importance of management for a business organisation is clear from this saying of Urwick, "No ideology, no-ism, no political theory can win greater output with less efforts from a given complex of human and material resources; only sound management. And if is on such greater output that a higher standard of life,, more leisure, more amenities for all must necessarily be founded.'' Management is the catalytic force that enables an organisation to face the challenge of change. The environment of business has become very turbulent. Managers maintain a dynamic equilibrium. In the words of Roosevelt, government without ooo management is house built on sand': So we can say that management is an essential element of all social organisations and it is to be found everywhere as a distinct, separate and dominant activity. In the last, the wel being of the society is largely dependent upon the quality of management prevailing in all social organisations. Management has always been important for economic gains and human welfare. However, effective management has become all the more important in the modern era due to the following reasons- 

 1. Unifying the efforts of many individuals in pursuing the group goals of an enterprise. 

 2. Coping up with changes in technology market, labour attitudes. consumer expectations, government policies and social obligations. 

 3. Utilising the multiple skills of persons employed or to be employed in carrying out any business activity 

 4. Scientific planning and execution of the activities with the means of resources from the angle of economy and efficiency 5. Ensuring disciplined and motivated performance of work by persons at all levels of the enterprise.